[93] As a result, riots broke out in the city. However, shortly after his installation as emperor, Caligula fell ill. Fever is fever - an elevation of core body temperature. government site. 2021 Apr;79(4):343-345. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0358. When he arrived at the age of manhood he endured fatigue tolerably well. [50] The current and past highway commissioners were accused of incompetence and embezzlement and forced to repay money. [39], In 38, Caligula focused his attention on political and public reform. [11][12] The adolescent Caligula was sent to live with his great-grandmother (Tiberius' mother), Livia;[9] After her death, he was sent to live with his grandmother Antonia Minor. [42] Cassius Dio said that this act "though delighting the rabble, grieved the sensible, who stopped to reflect, that if the offices should fall once more into the hands of the many many disasters would result". Known for his extreme extravagance, eccentricity, depravity and cruelty, he is remembered as a despot, and as the first of the . He was the third child of Augustus Caesar's granddaughter, Agrippina the Elder, and her husband, the Roman general Germanicus.As a . Recent sources are divided in attempting to ascribe a medical reason for his behavior, citing as possibilities encephalitis, epilepsy or meningitis. Germanicuss adopted father and uncle was TIberius, the second Roman emperor. [121] Caligula would mock Chaerea with names like "Priapus" and "Venus". The emperor was born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus and reportedly hated his nickname. The site of the ships' discovery, Lake Nemi, lies 19 miles south of Rome in the region of Lazio. A prominent figure in political circles, she also spoke out against Augustus successor Tiberius, whom she hated. When several client kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he allegedly cried out the Homeric line:[81] "Let there be one lord, one king. Charry-Snchez JD, Velez-VAN-Meerbeke A, Palacios-Snchez L. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. Caligula fell ill from fever at the same time as his wife's pregnancy with a daughter, and he would recover; however, Julia Drusilla collapsed from fever as his daughter Drusilla the Younger was born in a public ceremony. He was . [7], Germanicus died at Antioch, Syria province, in AD19, aged only 33. Caligula: a biography. There are few surviving sources about the reign of Caligula, though he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule. In the centuries before the birth of Christ, the pre-eminent power of the northern shores of the Mediterranean was the Roman Republic. After marrying Germanicus, she defied tradition by accompanying him on his military campaigns in Germania, reportedly acting as an adviser and diplomat. A number of factors, though, aggravated this feud. There is some evidence that his assassination had political motives, and that some of the assassins sought advancement for themselves in the removal of Caligula. What does exist - primarily Suetonius, Seneca . Agrippa was rewarded with his territories. [102], Philo of Alexandria and Seneca the Younger, contemporaries of Caligula, describe him as an insane emperor who was self-absorbed and short-tempered, killed on a whim, and indulged in too much spending and sex. Caligula began appearing in public dressed as various gods and demigods such as Hercules, Mercury, Venus and Apollo. [53] A brief famine of unknown extent occurred, perhaps caused by this financial crisis, but Suetonius claims it resulted from Caligula's seizure of public carriages;[46] according to Seneca, grain imports were disrupted because Caligula re-purposed grain boats for a pontoon bridge. When Gaius was just two or three years old, he accompanied his father on his military campaigns in north Germania. [70] The inheritance of Nero, Agrippina's son and the future emperor, was seized by Caligula. [149] Epileptics are discouraged from swimming in open waters because unexpected fits can lead to death if timely rescue is difficult. Reply . By now there was no doubt that the emperor of the civilized world was . So, there are chances that some rivals and historians may have incorporated falsehoods and personal biases to defame Caligula. But if his leadership skills were so abysmal, some scholars have argued, how did he wind up annexing new provinces, expanding westward and formulating a feasible plan to take over Britain? He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. Most years of his youth were spent with Tiberius or in the palace, where he grew up in an unhealthy environment of paranoia and plotting. [154] Some modern historians think that Caligula had hyperthyroidism. Proculus : Divine Ceasar, PLEASE! The horse has even made it into the Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: its definition for the name "Incitatus" reads "the name of Caligula's horse, made a consul by the emperor". Can someone clear this up for me, google isn't satisfying. It was the first major motion picture that juxtaposed segments featuring respected, mainstream actors with scenes that were essentially pornographic. And so, when the respected general Germanicus brought his son Gaius on campaign, the tyke sported soldiers footwear, or caligae, scaled down to his size. [132] They were unable to reach Caligula's uncle, Claudius. Stretching from Spain to Cyprus, this vast empire was controlled by the Roman Senate and its elected leaders. He was the son of Germanicus and the future emperor spent his early years on military campaigns with his father. The paucity of sources has resulted in significant gaps in modern knowledge of the reign of Caligula. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [96] Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks. In a now lost portion of his Annals, Tacitus gave a detailed history of Caligula. Please be sure to Read Our Rules before you contribute to this community. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and sexual perversion, presenting him as an insane tyrant. "Brain fever" came to mean an inflamed brainone characterized by headache, flushed skin, delirium, and sensitivity to light and sound. One of the wrecks included a lead pipe bearing the inscription Property of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. It is uncertain whether it was Allied or German troopswho cause the fire thatlargely destroyed the ships in 1944. One of his insane acts was the idea of making a horse a Senator. He allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders. [9] To the surprise of many, Caligula was spared by Tiberius. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (/kljl/), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. [45] His nephew Nero both envied and admired the fact that Gaius had run through the vast wealth Tiberius had left him in so short a time. Born Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus on 31 August 12 AD in Antium, Italy, Caligula was the third child among the six surviving children of the Roman general Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. If the illness caused his madness, then it is easy to see how dangerous it can be to concentrate power in one man. [114], Caligula's actions as emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate, to the nobility and to the equestrian order. No traces of the stunt have ever materialized, so most historians dismiss it as myth. [97] Jews were accused of not honouring the emperor. [3] Gaius had two older brothers, Nero and Drusus,[2] and three younger sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027892. He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself, and he initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. [37], In October 37, Caligula fell seriously ill or perhaps was poisoned. [41] Perhaps most significantly, he restored the practice of elections. [136] At one time, there were detailed contemporaneous histories on Caligula, but they are now lost. Palmerini, Luca M.; Mistretta, Gaetano (1996). 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [67] He replaced the consul and had several senators put to death. After a soldier, Gratus, found Claudius hiding behind a palace curtain, he was spirited out of the city by a sympathetic faction of the Praetorian Guard[133] to their nearby camp. The internet is awash with articles and blogs chewing over whether it is really true. He gained the nickname 'Caligula' which means 'Little Boots' because of the military regalia he wore as a child. According to Suetonius, Caligula in his infinite profligacy once constructed a temporary floating bridge across the Bay of Baiae just so he could ride triumphantly from one end to the other. [60], At Syracuse, he repaired the city walls and the temples of the gods. Conditions that may be described as brain fever include:Encephalitis, an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection.Meningitis, the inflammation of the membranes. The cryptoporticus (underground corridor) beneath the imperial palaces on the Palatine Hill where this event took place was discovered by archaeologists in 2008. Perhaps his illness reminded him of his mortality and of the desire of others to advance into his place. However, the conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted. He was born on August 31, 12 AD in Antium, Italy (known now as Anzio, Italy). R.S. OUR SCHOOL; MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE; ADMISSION. But assuming the much-maligned emperor was the loon his chroniclers describe, some scholars have suggested that an illness made him come unhingedpossibly temporal lobe epilepsy, hyperthyroidism or Wilsons disease, an inherited disorder that can cause mental instability. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Davies, "The Abortive Invasion of Britain by Gaius". Josephus describes Caligula's improvements to the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, as his greatest contributions. All this came to an end when Julius Caesar, a successful and popular Roman general and governor, famously crossed the Rubicon river and descended on Rome with his army, something expressly forbidden. [100], The Governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year. The two older brothers of Gaius were Nero and Drusus. There were a number of freedmen in his close circle who attained considerable influence: Helicon, his chamberlain; Apelles, a tragic actor; and most wealthy and powerful of all, Callistus, a kind of imperial secretary. He finds out that Macro was grooming Gemellus for the throne if anything should happen to Caligula. Or, faced with absolute power, did he allow himself to be corrupted absolutely? In early 41, Caligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers. Suetonius. AutoModerator 3 yr. ago Welcome to r/AskHistorians. The Germanic guard killed several assassins and conspirators, along with some innocent senators and bystanders. Med Hist. Aiding him in his actions was his good friend, Herod Agrippa, who became governor of the territories of Batanaea and Trachonitis after Caligula became emperor in 37. He also created a new tax on prostitutes and is said to have opened a brothel in a wing of the imperial palace. He hated being the grandson of Agrippa and slandered Augustus by repeating a falsehood that his mother was conceived as the result of an incestuous relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia the Elder. Caligula awakes from his coma in January 38 C.E. October, 37 CE: Caligula fell seriously ill, with what was described at the time as a brain fever; there was great mourning in Rome, and much joy at his recovery. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! If you are referring to brain fever as a fever where the normal regulation of body temperature by the brain is out of whack, then that can happen by a variety of reasons. ago [citation needed]. and appointed a priest to serve him. Admission & Withdrawal [27] He accepted the powers of the principate and entered Rome on 28 March amid a crowd that hailed him as "our baby" and "our star", among other nicknames. There are few surviving sources on Caligula and none of them paints Caligula in a favourable light. One month after his accession, his grandmother, Antonia, died. (Before Caligula). ^ "Addictive stuff. In October of 37 C.E. 1958 Jul;2(3):202-9. doi: 10.1017/s0025727300023759. HOME; ABOUT US. Interesting history topics are just a click away. [96][142][143] Seneca states that Caligula became arrogant, angry and insulting once he became emperor and uses his personality flaws as examples his readers can learn from. [55] These improvements may have been in response to the famine. Between 1596 to 1601, Queen Elizabeth I wrote a series of Disney's Pinocchio was released in February 1940. THE ILLNESS OF CALIGULA The Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula) is gen-erally believed to have been a madman. Although the prefect of the Praetorian Guard, Macro, had been influential in helping Caligula secure the throne, the emperor apparently felt that Macro was becoming too powerful. Gaius Caesar, now known to history as the third Roman emperor Caligula, was the son of the popular general and dynastic heir, Germanicus, and great grandson of Augustus through his mother. [33] Caligula's first acts were said to be generous in spirit, though many were political in nature. Helen Mirren in a scene from . Cruel and tyrannical Emperor Caligula ruled Ancient Rome through fear and terror. The site is secure. Known for his extreme extravagance, eccentricity, depravity and cruelty, he is remembered as a despot. ^ Birmingham Mail (5 May 2013). [66] In 39, relations between Caligula and the Roman Senate deteriorated. [56] Caligula completed the temple of Augustus and the theatre of Pompey and began an amphitheatre beside the Saepta. Caligula ruled over the Roman Empire from 37 to 41 AD in a style that has earned him the descriptors "mad" and "notorious." He was a dictator who set the bar for horrible dictator behavior, a. He amazed the soldiers as he dressed up in a miniature outfit of the soldiers and also wore armor and boots. He published the accounts of public funds, which had not been made public during the reign of Tiberius. Seneca was almost put to death by Caligula in AD39 likely due to his associations with conspirators. The larger ship was essentially an elaborate floating palace with marble floors and plumbing. Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome and then suddenly had him executed. Gaetulicus, a poet, produced a number of flattering writings about Caligula, but they are lost. There are many reasons for fever. [26] Caligula was proclaimed emperor by the Senate on 18 March. All these occurrences naturally alarmed the senate. Pearn, "Epilepsy and Drowning in Childhood,". [100] In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his". He adorned the horse with various honors as well as awards, and ultimately decided to make Incitatus the head of the Senate. He soon recovered from his illness, but many believed that the illness turned the young emperor toward the diabolical: he started to kill off or exile those who were close to him or whom he saw as a serious threat. However, apparently against the odds Caligula recovered from his illness. He was accused of raping the wife of one of the eminent senators, and was known to have sexual relationships with his own sisters. In his early reign, Caligula is often described as the first Roman empire admired by everyone in all the world, from the rising to the setting sun. He charmed the people of Rome. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies For the first six months he was a good ruler, but that all changed when he became ill with what was described at the time as a "brain fever." After his illness, Caligula became a vicious tyrant. After nearly six months on the throne, Caligula fell ill. [74], Details on the Mauretanian events of 3944 are unclear. [65] The ships burned in 1944 after an attack in the Second World War; almost nothing remains of their hulls, though many archaeological treasures remain intact in the museum at Lake Nemi and in the Museo Nazionale Romano (Palazzo Massimo) at Rome. [51] However, some historians have shown scepticism towards the large number of sesterces quoted by Suetonius and Dio. The problem about power back then there no checks or balances. The two older brothers of Gaius were Nero and Drusus. Just wondering after they said he got something the history books described as brain fever (possible meningitis or poisoning? 2019 Jul 1;9(7):e027892. Can his madness be blamed on this illness? He was born in the year 12 AD, shortly before the death of Augustus. But its cause is ultimately unclear. [8] After the death of his father, Caligula lived with his mother, Agripinna the Elder, until her relations with Tiberius deteriorated. [46] Historians describe a number of Caligula's other desperate measures. They accuse Caligula of incest with his sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla, and Livilla, and say he prostituted them to other men. "Before the . He gained the nickname 'Caligula' which means 'Little Boots' because of the military regalia he wore as a child. His father was the famous General Germanicus; his mother was Agrippina, the Elder. At the other end of the spectrum is Emperor Caligula who the historian Suetonius (c. 69 - c. 130/140 CE) simply calls a monster. The emperor was born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus and reportedly hated his nickname. MeSH Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor.Yes, Caligula was the third Roman emperor. [126] Suetonius records that Caligula's death resembled that of Julius Caesar. [2] He was also a nephew of Claudius, Germanicus' younger brother and the future emperor. For a time, Caligula's efforts met with their . The Senate had become accustomed to ruling without an emperor between the departure of Tiberius for Capri in 26 and Caligula's accession. He was crazy both in body and mind, being subject, when a boy, to the falling sickness. Although Tiberius was 77 and on his deathbed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was murdered. University of Glasgow. "Many of the symptoms and the post-mortem evidence were consistent with some forms of meningitis or encephalitis," writes Peterson. A number of accounts of the life of Caligula have been delivered by sources that were not present at the time of his rule. [5] The soldiers nicknamed him Caligula ("little [soldier's] boot"). March, 37 CE: At about 25 years old, Caligula was named Rome's third emperor, the first direct descendant of Augustus to take the throne (click here for a coin on which Caligula emphasizes this relationship). 38 CE: Early in the year, Caligula forced his father-in-law, Gaius Silanus, and young Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius, to commit suicide by accusing them of treasonable activities. [141] The question of whether Caligula was insane (especially after his illness early in his reign) remains unanswered. While some sources state that it was a kind of brain fever, others believe it could be a virus, lead poisoning, or even an assassination attempt. Cassius Dio's work is invaluable because it alone gives a loose chronology of Caligula's reign. Caligula even considered himself to be a god and wanted people to worship him. His predecessors, Octavius Augustus and Tiberius, had enjoyed long reigns of relative peace and prosperity. Caligula's Early Years. [144] According to Josephus, power made Caligula incredibly conceited and led him to think he was a god. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Evidence for Caligula's life is sparse, as the work of Tacitus for this period is lost. And why not? Soon the soldiers gave him the affectionate nickname Caligula, which meant little boots owing to the caligae or small boots that he wore. Caligula is interesting because he's described as incredibly competent early on in his reign. The facts and circumstances of Caligula's reign are mostly lost to history. Claudius granted a general amnesty, although he executed a few junior officers involved in the conspiracy, including Chaerea. The .gov means its official. It looks like he suffered some kind of brain damage from this extended sicknessmaybe a prolonged high fever, but that's just my guess. CALIGULA (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; [1] 31 August 12 AD - 24 January 41 AD), also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 AD to 41 AD. [150] Caligula reportedly talked to the full moon:[69] Epilepsy was long associated with the moon.[151]. Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Additionally, there are only limited details on later significant events, such as the annexation of Mauretania, Caligula's military actions in Britannia, and his feud with the Roman Senate. [63], Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself (which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi around 1930). [141] Philo of Alexandria, Josephus and Seneca state that Caligula was insane, but describe this madness as a personality trait that came through experience. The strange behavior of emperor Gaius has been the subject of debate for many historians. Rome waited in horror, praying that . An official website of the United States government. She is said to have committed suicide, although Suetonius hints that Caligula poisoned her. He singlehandedly tore down the empire, drained the treasury and undid most of what . [25] Backed by Macro, Caligula had Tiberius' will nullified with regard to Gemellus on grounds of insanity, but he otherwise carried out Tiberius' wishes. Before made in China was a shorthand for crappy How musty and stinky were 1800s ballroom parties? Caesars power grab led to his assassination in 44 BC, but by then it was too late. "Mister Cameron - I have read the unexpurgated Ovid, the love poems of Sappho, the Decameron in the original, and a great many texts in Greek and Latin histories that were not though fit for proper gentlemen to read, much less proper ladies. He executed close and loyal advisors and compelled Gemellus, his potential rival and fellow joint-heir, to commit suicide. After about four years of depravity, dramatic stunts, and cruelty, Caligula was assassinated. 2009-2021 Historic Mysteries. [50] Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the state. [118] The situation had escalated when, in 40, Caligula announced to the Senate that he planned to leave Rome permanently and to move to Alexandria in Egypt, where he hoped to be worshipped as a living god. Answer: We don't know the nature of Caligula's illness. [19] Meanwhile, both Caligula's mother and his brother Drusus died in prison. ago The funniest Roman emperor 172 44 r/ancientrome Join 5 mo. [131] The military, though, remained loyal to the idea of imperial monarchy. Featuring respected, mainstream actors with scenes that were essentially pornographic led him to he... For crappy how musty and stinky were 1800s ballroom parties fellow joint-heir, to commit suicide extreme extravagance,,... Proclaimed emperor by the Roman Republic of others to advance into his place his,... S described as incredibly competent early on in his reign Agrippina, the second Roman emperor 172 44 r/ancientrome 5! An elevation of core body temperature 37, Caligula was assassinated and and. Sources has resulted in significant gaps in modern knowledge of the Roman empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian.... Internet is awash with articles and blogs chewing over whether it is whether... His early years on military campaigns with his father on his deathbed, some historians have scepticism... 136 ] at one time, there are few surviving sources on Caligula, but by then it really... 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