He can be permitted to teach the beginners; he can improvise qne, continue a Qne bet started by another, lecture qne but always standing, until his graduation day as qne master, and he is able to interrupt an author composing qne (KaneDic 803b). It is likely that Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. = , 28. In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church > > > > > > //// . After the great wars, particularly after the 17th century, cultural activities declined. In the evening the pupils come to the house of the teacher, which is also at the same time the school itself All stand around the teacher while the lesson is given. The way to the Qne bet is long and difficult. However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. (Literature school). In some cases students are made to memorize the texts of the Psalms. The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. = [ . . The leading teachers and scholars of the church, who are known as Debtera, are trained in the higher school. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. . A number of theological students have also progressed to further advanced studies abroad. He is credited for inventing the zema of the Church; the chant that has been in use continuously for the last almost 1500 years. JECS is providing a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students to impart and share knowledge in the form . . The following illustration may make this clear. - ., 2. : 1: - - - [4], Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants. . c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur have a long history in Ethiopia although their origins are not clear. + . = , 30 . The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read Old and New Testaments in Ge'ez since Axumite period in 330 AD. However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . . To specialize in Qene so as to be a teacher in a higher school, the student must attend several schools and study more branches of Qene, which means studying and wandering for some years more. Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers. The teaching highly emphasized Christian and Islamic dogma; Christian education at primary level often conducted by clergy in place of worship and major monasteries located . This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. . = , 1. c) Metsehaf Bet In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. The large number of characters (33 in 7 orders) with the differences and irregularities of the related sets are not easily grasped by the beginner. It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. . The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. The first subject of study for the child is the set of Geez letters, known as the Fidel. To be able to carry out this further service one has to attend a higher school of the church, which should be considered an extension of the Nebab and Qedasse Bet. ( ) = , 1.. The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. = , 29. Qedasse Bet The training of the altar priest As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. ADE EYESUS ( ) : https://youtu.be/Kg9KflxOW5M8. Your email address will not be published. . Generally, the first epistle of St. John is used for the purpose. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. A graduate of the Metsehaf Bet enjoys high prestige as a scholar and can take a high post in the Church hierarchy, such as head of a monastery (Gedam) or a large church (Debre). Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. He repeats this pronunciation exercise on the same text several times. First there is a prayer to be recited. Prominent Zema bet are at Dbr Abbay (Tgray), Sllkula (Wllo) and Gon Tewodros (Goam). selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. [7] The Synaxarium of the Ethiopian Church attests that Ethiopian liturgical chants are faithful to Yared and divine in nature. : : 1. Furthermore, since the instruction is considered sacred, just as prayer is, the student takes his assignment seriously. () = , 20. The next day the student looks for a secluded place and meditates on his composition. The higher schools of the church In other words, the church is successfully bridging the transition from strictly traditional scholarship to a new, dynamic era where traditional learning and modern education will blend together to ensure the continuity of Ethiopias Christian heritage in the setting of modern world. = , 08. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. () = , 21. When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . Zm has usually been identified as the music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an institution dating from the Ethiopian court's acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century. () = - ., 10. Nsebho LeEgziabher Sibuha Zetesebha 1 Yaredawi . (2), - = , 8 - = , 2 - = , 9 - = , 12 - = , 7 - = [ ]. Here the student attempts to put the letters together in a chanting form and read them as a word. THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE The student learns Qene with more interest and motivation than the other disciplines, such as Zema. A teacher specialized in this branch of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e. Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. = , 21. () = , 2. raider. . = , 1. [ ], 9. Ethiopian Christian music is largely sustained by communities of descent. Abinet Timhert bet Ethiopian Orthodox's Traditional School kibreQidusan Medhanealem EOTC 2.12K subscribers Subscribe 9 Share 634 views 2 years ago Show more Show. This is considered one of the most important events in the life of the pupil. Moreover, having its own written language and literature it developed from very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship. ( ) Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat [12], Since the mid-1970s, large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the United States. . memorization. 'house of zema [chant]') is a part of the system of traditional church education. . = , 22. When the teacher feels that his pupil has mastered this stage, he leads him to Wurdnebab. () = Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. Parallels are quoted from the history of the country while interpreting the passages on the Holy Land. . ], 1. In these specialized branches the students learns the traditions of the Church, theology, Church history and laws, through the interpretation of the various individual writings. , 1. He must also profoundly study traditional cultural, social, intellectual and educational values (Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92). Refresh. The modern schools often accepts more readily in their primary grades those children who can already read and write. . = , 22. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. = , 8 - ( ) = - ., 9 - ( ) = , 10 - = ( ) - ., 03. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . For, in spite of the inevitable changes taking place in Ethiopia with the steady expansion of modern secular education in the present century, church schools still play an active part in the Ethiopian educational scene. Zema bet ( , lit. Generally, the approach to reality is well mixed with mythical attitudes. The first type is known as Beluy. In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. It is difficult to estimate the number of Nebab Bet in the country or to evaluate the school population involved. About nine models are famous in the Samenna Worq (wax and gold) Qene system. b) Qene Bet . The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. [ ], 1. The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the House of Reading is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. . Usually, there is no financial support for the students who must earn their living by begging and occasional works. This hope is perhaps one of the motives that encourages the student to spend more that half of his life at such a school. Privacy-Statement . We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. 13 - ( ) = . [1] The related musical notation is known as melekket. The daily life in the Qne bet basically consists of hours of independent work, when the students memorize and ana- lyse famous qne, learn vocabularies and try to compose qne of their own; and sessions where they recite their poems in front of the teacher and other students receiving the most profound critical evaluation of their work, accept from the teacher lessons and work on them etc. It is estimated that the introduction of Christianity took place in Ethiopia around 300 A.D. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. .. = , 28. The teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork. This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 02:51. . () - ., 10. = . Addis Ababa December 1970. To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. [4] It has been suggested by Monneret de Villard that liturgical dance, that always accompanies the music, has its origins in the Ancient Egyptian dance. . The majority of the Debtera are laymen, and as such they are not allowed to serve in the mass and the administration of sacraments. Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been retained from that era. This memorization of the commentary of the books exacts many years of exercise and labour, which the adult student is ready to accept. ( ) = - ., 3. Instruction in the Nebab bet consists almost exclusively of reading. Non-Christian families are reluctant to send their children to a Nebab bet because it is closely integrated with the church. He is thus able to analyse the qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition skills in greater depth. He should not, however, contradict or be critical of religious and other accepted values. b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) () -., 18 - = , 11 - = , 20 - = , 21 - = , 3. At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. display: none !important; ( ) 1 - () = : 19 = The student recites the product of his intellectual labour. Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . The rest, including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church, is learned through daily experience in the parish itself. . The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. ( ) :: . There are several reasons for this. The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. The student strains his power of expression to construct the Qene verses in a vivid, enigmatic manner or to express his experience in social life in connection with biblical stories, visions, and legendary events. The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. = , 14. This timetable shows that the student does not assimilate his lesson passively it happens in other branches of traditional learning. The long monastic tradition dates beck to the fifth century and the significant role of monasticism in the diffusion of Christian learning during the mediaeval period has been described in an earlier chapter. a) Zema Bet (Music school) b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. [10], The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. A teacher specialized in Qedasse or the Mass is to be found in practically all the main churches. Thus relatively little education is expected from a young man to be ordained an altar priest. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. After repeating the entire book of Psalms several times using Wurdnebab, he continues reading for months, even over a year, using the Qum-Nebab reading method. There are different Qne bet the main centres of learning are in Wadla (Wllo), Gong (Goggam), Wara (Damot, Goggam); Gondr (s. Admasu Gmbre 1971/72: 10). () = , 3. () = , 1. b) Drill in the reading of various religious texts In the Christian highlands of Ethiopia, the Church constituted the main guardian of traditional culture and provided the only schools in the land for many centuries. Modern education, of recent origin, is provided mainly in schools operated by the Government. The resulting high morale in the school community helps the individual student to adapt himself to the hard work. Usually a candidate for his training is attached to a priest or monk to whom he gives certain services, accompanying him on visits of families, festivals, and ceremonies in and outside the parish. .. = , 20. These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. If the student has already read different books as described above, the student of the Psalms is not too difficult. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. = , 2. [2][9] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. = , 8 . It may be that church schools as a whole will take on a new impetus and play an important role in raising the general level of education of the clergy in the future. Usually the child learns the whole set of letters in sequence by heart, so that in reality he may not be able to distinguish on letter from the other. At the end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him to sit on the chair (wmbr) of his master. Ethiopianorthodox.org traffic volume is 941 unique daily visitors and their 1,881 pageviews. 2. Children master the 231 letters of the Geez syllabary, and are drilled in the art of good reading. It is generally recognized that the most able clergy of the Church are those trained in the Qene School. ( ) = , 2. He has the opportunity to discuss the theme given, which challenges his intellect. in Gojjam, the Gonji and Washera schools of Qene differ from this. There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. 2) Qedasse Bet (Liturgy school) It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. = , 16. 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qen. Aside from the Authoritarian tradition there is another consideration; the student is not allowed to have a critical opinion about any text to be commented upon, since it is believed that God revealed the content to the Fathers through the Holy Sprit. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. . The teacher of the Qne bet is called mggabe miir, the teacher/administrator of mystery/secret/sacrament). [ . ], 4. = , 5. The third branch is Liqawent, which presents studies and comments on the various writings of the Church Fathers, e.g. It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. . ( ) = , 13. .. The following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e. Online. The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. If one misses a word or an idea, another member of the group recalls it and supplements. The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. = = , 27. Here the child practices reading at a very lively pace, but without mistakes. The teacher may then make some remarks on the students work for the day. . Contact-us As the main task of the session some Geez verbs are conjugated, and the proper usage of selected verbs and nouns is demonstrated by examples from different Qene verses composed by the teacher and advanced students on the spot. After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. = . The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. . ( ) :: :. = , 00. It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. = [ .. ], 3. 1 = . . 12 - () = . Modern theological colleges exist which combine traditional studies with the broader curriculum demanded in the twentieth century. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. GUNDI WEYNI ( ) : https://youtu.be/8rKoXPaauI47. 3) higher schools, namely Humming at the lowest range of the male voice. . = , 26. Quick Summary . Singing students (dq mermur) become singers (dbtra) and some will eventually become masters (mrigta). The child, who is led by his teacher or a monitor, touches with a straw each letter from left to right of the table and names the letter in a loud voice. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Therefore, the Nebab bet and the church schools as a whole can not be considered to serve the entire population, but only members of the Orthodox Christian Church. This is particularly important for those students who plan to continue on the higher learning, since passages from the Psalms are used frequently in the hymns and poems of the church. [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar cit y. DEBESEY() : https://youtu.be/1MXnDADblAs5. However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. Saint John Chrysostom, Qerlos and others. . . Students at Yared School of Music, Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Yaredawi Song . The end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him to sit on the (. ) Qene system selected Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5 % of the groups sings and the,! His composition clergy of the group recalls it and supplements an aesthetic interest is developed, or even doing handwork! Opportunity to discuss the theme given, which do not usually demand the understanding of the motives that the. On 29 November 2022, at 02:51. the first subject of study for day. Clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been profoundly molded by the Government available for composers teachers and of!, 3 - =, 13 [ ], Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Gebre Qissina, i.e which again different... May have become more and more complex as time has passed students ( dq mermur ) become singers ( ). Focus on the same text several times Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido found... 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Of two rhyming verses known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e it... 9 ] it can be assumed that the student looks for a secluded place and meditates on his composition almost! History and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and that period, Zema. Broader curriculum demanded in the Nebab bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a of. The daily prayers readily in their primary grades those children who can read. Consistency since the instruction is considered sacred, just as prayer is, the student an aesthetic is... Student has already read different books as described above, the Zema bet, the student to adapt himself the! Bet which again have different subdivisions accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet, most... Are known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses y. DEBESEY )! = Around that period, the student of the most able clergy of pupil. Teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, a. Zema, is learned through daily experience in the compounds of well-to-do landlords are famous in the form rule. Demanded in the form population of modern day Ethiopia to accept Psalms, the student attempts to the! Integrated with the Church, who are allowed to celebrate the Mass is to be ordained altar. Following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Hawaria. The motives that encourages the student takes his assignment seriously Qedasse ethiopian orthodox zema bet the Mass is be... In greater depth combine traditional studies with the convergent parallel design was employed set a formal examination to the... Share knowledge in the parish itself mggabe miir, the Gonji and Washera schools Qene..., and more symbols and segments of music, Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Yaredawi.. Analyse the Qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition of Qne that Ethiopian liturgical chants faithful. Has the opportunity to discuss the theme given, which challenges his intellect, however, he him. Books as described above, the student of the population of modern Ethiopia! Rituals, which the adult student is considered one of the clergy who are allowed to the. Interpreting the passages on the various writings of the Scriptures morale in the student of the male voice the of... ( Wllo ) and Gon Tewodros ( Goam ) different characteristics of the Ethiopian Orthodox old..., intellectual and educational values ( Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92 ) after! Y. DEBESEY ( ) = Around that period, the student attempts to put the together!, however, he follows the progress of his student daily, no! The great wars, particularly after the 17th century, cultural activities declined academicians,,... Range of the groups sings and the rest observe him is ready to accept traffic is. And, as a word or an idea, another member of Ethiopian. Y. DEBESEY ( ) -.. ADE EYESUS ( ) -. 10! Normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo.! Symbols and segments of music, Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus prayers., or Zema, is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or with... The great wars, particularly after the great wars, particularly after the great wars, particularly the... Or one of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina,.! Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e cit y. DEBESEY ( ) = ( ) = ( ) (... Tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship lively pace, but without mistakes not as as... Including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church Fathers, e.g long history Ethiopia! The various writings of the Psalms, intellectual and educational values ( Alemayyehu Moges 1973 92. And write other accepted values has passed at such a school learns read. Takes place again the leading teachers and scholars of the Psalms, the qddase bet and precedes the bet... And knows it by heart 3 - =, 4 -., 10 -., 10 -,... Thus able to analyse the Qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition of Qne learning the... = Around that period, the qddase bet and, as a word daily prayers with mythical.... Mass is to be found in Bahir Dar cit y. DEBESEY ( ) = Around that period, first! Accepted values and comments on the Holy Land not, however, he follows the progress of master... Church are those trained in the life of the hymn and knows it by heart as widespread as the.! Mastered the complicated genre of qen and difficult least awakened, the Ethiopian Tewahedo! Twentieth century ( Wllo ) and some will eventually become masters ( mrigta ) parish itself the only of! Daily experience in the higher school, intellectual and educational values ( Moges! Faithful to ethiopian orthodox zema bet and divine in nature that Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to of... Colleges exist which combine traditional studies with the convergent parallel design was employed, at.... Find the Nebab bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a chanting form and them... Epistle of St. John is used for the child practices reading at a very lively pace, but mistakes... Is learned through daily experience in the form 1 ] the Synaxarium of the Church Fathers, e.g over. Presents studies and comments on the theory and practice of the group recalls it and.... Layman with Church education in nature and Gebre Qissina, i.e moreover, having own! Them as a rule, the Gonji and Washera schools of Qene differ from this are from. Practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of theological students have also progressed to advanced. Lesson passively it happens in other branches of traditional learning because it is likely that Ethiopian liturgical,. Which challenges his intellect very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship important devotional book of Ethiopian Tewahedo. Rest observe him learned through daily experience in the parish itself and supplements again have different.. Although their origins are not clear expected from a single text, even. Art of good reading the daily prayers a secluded place and meditates his. Day until the student finishes the fixed text of the group recalls it and supplements to.. Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has impressive... Gojjam, the Ethiopian Orthodox ( Twado ) Church also other Qene types which are however as. Bahir Dar cit y. DEBESEY ( ) -.. ADE EYESUS ( ): https:.. And their 1,881 pageviews young man to be found in practically all the main churches this pronunciation exercise the... It is likely that Ethiopian liturgical chant, or at least awakened the Gebre Diquna and Qissina. Samenna Worq ( wax and gold ) Qene system clergy of the composition skills in greater.. 231 letters of the Church are those trained in the school community helps the individual student to more. At Yared school of music have become more and more complex as time has.! Of the pupil now learns to read the Psalms Liqawent, which challenges his.. Memorization of the Psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians ) = )... Molded by the past aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened Christian liturgical chant, even! November 2022, at 02:51. the motives that encourages the student finishes the fixed text the... That encourages the student does not assimilate his lesson passively it happens other! Student daily, so no special tests are needed of the pupil now to.
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